There are many ways to understand the scope of a client's project
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Know your client. For example, if your client wholeseller of computer parts they will have different needs than your distributor of computer parts. Understanding the nuances of a clients business is key to providing the best solution.
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Determine the functionality needs of a client. For example, if you're talking to the owner of a restaurant you'll need to display their menu, an online retailer will need an eCommerce website.
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Determine the number of pages a client needs. This is unique for every type of website. Product-based eCommerce clients will have different needs than a service-based Portal site.